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标题: "Inferential Capability Does Not Determine Legal Scope"
原文链接: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.10601"
发布日期: "2026-08-11"
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## Computer Science > Computers and Society

## Title:Inferential Capability Does Not Determine Legal Scope

Authors:[Nicola Fabiano](https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Fabiano,+N)

[View PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.10601) [HTML (experimental)](https://arxiv.org/html/2608.10601v1)

> Abstract:Two instruments of EU digital law place inference at their centre and mean different things by it. Article 3(1) of the AI Act uses the capability to infer constitutively: it is the central feature separating the regulated category from conventional software. The GDPR never defines inference, yet governs it protectively: the consequences follow from the processing of personal data and from what the inference says about, or does to, a person, whether or not the technology that produced it qualifies as an AI system.  
> The two perimeters are not concentric. Their non-coincidence remained invisible in single-shot systems; agentic architectures make it operationally acute. The thesis: inferential capability does not determine legal scope, and its absence does not create immunity.  
> The framework is two-level. Inference performs two legal functions, constitutive and protective; the protective function operates through three pathways - identificatory, attributive and decisional. Composition is not a fourth pathway but a cross-cutting architectural dimension which, with reach, persistence and reviewability, is what agentic architectures modify. Three concepts support it: the inferential threshold, the inferential reach and the inferential chain, mapped onto the chain of imputation.  
> Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 left the constitutive criterion untouched and inserted a provision contemplating outputs that influence the inputs of future operations, without supplying any rule of aggregation. The article proposes an interpretive rule, a compositional-effects test identifying the decision unit under Article 22 GDPR together with the allocation of the burden of establishing it, and documentation duties calibrated to inference chains.

| Subjects: | Computers and Society (cs.CY); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) |
| --- | --- |
| Cite as: | [arXiv:2608.10601](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.10601) \[cs.CY\] |
|  | (or [arXiv:2608.10601v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.10601v1) \[cs.CY\] for this version) |
|  | [https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.10601](https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.10601) |

## Submission history

From: Nicola Fabiano \[[view email](https://arxiv.org/show-email/22c376e5/2608.10601)\]  
**\[v1\]** Tue, 11 Aug 2026 07:39:53 UTC (33 KB)

[Which authors of this paper are endorsers?](https://arxiv.org/auth/show-endorsers/2608.10601) | Disable MathJax ([What is MathJax?](https://info.arxiv.org/help/mathjax.html))
